Morse JM, Barrett M, Mayan M, Olson K, Spiers J. Handbook of qualitative research in education. In: LeCompte M, Millroy W, Preissle J, editors. Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research. Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and recommendations. Authenticity is concerned with the ability of researchers to accurately depict the diverse realities that exist in the data collected from participants. Confirmability describes the degree of neutrality or, in other words, the extent to which the findings of a study reflect the respondents’ opinions and experiences rather than the researchers’ biases, motivations, or interests. Transferability means that the findings are also applicable in other contexts, while dependability indicates that the findings are consistent and could be replicated. Briefly, credibility can be defined as confidence in the ‘truth’ of the findings. This chapter will explain what each of these criteria mean, and will demonstrate how they can be applied to research that includes content analysis. However, the current consensus is that credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity are the five most relevant terms for determining the trustworthiness of research. Qualitative researchers commonly have different opinions about which criteria are the best for evaluating trustworthiness. This chapter aims to present criteria for trustworthiness.
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